AD NO. _________________________
DTC PROJECT NO. 0-CO-160-000-031
REPORT NO. ATC-8437 (VOLUME I)
VOLUME I
A TEST METHODOLOGY
FOR THE
ASSESSING DEMINING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
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U.S. Army CECOM Charles Chichester |
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University of Virginia Impact Biomechanics Program Cameron Dale Bass Brian Boggess Martin Davis |
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U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center Ellory Sanderson Gina Di Marco Walter Andrefsky Walter B. Hess
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SEPTEMBER 2001
Period covered:
September 2000 to August 2001
U.S. ARMY DEVELOPMENTAL TEST COMMAND DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.
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May 2001 |
Report Mine I |
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Methodology and Results........................................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1. Introduction and Background............................................................................................................................ 13
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 13
1.2 Objective Test Methodology.............................................................................................................................. 13
1.3 Epidemiology................................................................................................................................................................. 15
1.4 Dummy and Instrumentation........................................................................................................................... 16
2. Test Setup, Test Equipment and Personal Protective Equipment.................................................. 20
2.1 Test Matrix................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Suits.................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Mines.................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.4 Dummies, Test Fixture, and Positioning....................................................................................................... 27
Dummies............................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Test Fixture.......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Dummy Positioning............................................................................................................................................................ 30
2.5 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition................................................................................................... 33
2.6 Photography................................................................................................................................................................. 35
3. Injury Criteria and Dummy Response................................................................................................................ 36
3.1 Overview and PPE Fragment Performance................................................................................................ 36
3.2 Head Blunt Trauma Injuries.............................................................................................................................. 36
Head Injury Unprotected Dummy................................................................................................................................. 37
Head Injury Suited Dummy............................................................................................................................................ 39
3.3 Neck Blunt Trauma Injuries............................................................................................................................... 43
Neck Injury Unprotected Dummy................................................................................................................................. 44
Neck Injury Suited Dummy............................................................................................................................................ 47
3.5 Thoracic Blunt Trauma Injuries..................................................................................................................... 48
Thoracic Blunt Injuries Unprotected and Protected Dummy................................................................................. 49
3.6 Thorax and Head Blast Injuries...................................................................................................................... 52
3.7 Burns.................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
4. Conclusions and Future Work.............................................................................................................................. 57
5. References.......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Appendix A................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Appendix B................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Appendix C................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Appendix D................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
Distribution List.................................................................................................................................................................. 73
TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1: Instrumentation and Trauma Evaluation............................................................................... 18
Table 2: Test Matrix for the Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummy (Number of Shots, P=Prone,
K=Kneeling)................................................................................................................................... 20
Table 3: Suit Weights....................................................................................................................... 24
Table 4: Coordinates for Reference Positions Tested (NM = Not Measured)................................... 31
Table 5: Instrumentation.................................................................................................................. 34
Table 6: Normalized Forces and Moments for Nij Criteria................................................................ 44
Table 7: Measurements and Shot Parameters for Dummy A (Hybrid III 50th % male)....................... 62
Table 8: Measurements and Shot Parameters for Dummy B (Hybrid III 50th % male)....................... 62
Table 9: Measurements and Shot Parameters for Hybrid III 5th % Female........................................ 63
Table 10: Charge Masses for Mines and Detonators........................................................................ 66
Table 11: Post Test Condition of PPE Armors, Helmets and Latex Gloves........................................ 72
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Simulated Antipersonnel Mine Blast with Hybrid III Surrogate.............................................. 8
Figure 2: Nominal Kneeling and Prone Positions Relative to the Center of the Mine - Radial Lines
at 300 and 600.................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3: HIC Values for Mine Blast into Kneeling Dummy, All Charge Sizes, All PPEs...................... 9
Figure 4: Peak Thorax Pressure for Kneeling Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies................................ 10
Figure 5: Demining PPE (Photo Courtesy Med-Eng, Inc.)................................................................ 13
Figure 6: Development of Surrogate Injury Model........................................................................... 14
Figure 7: Injuries from AP Landmines Sustained in Demining Incidents [Landmine-2000].................. 16
Figure 8: Selected Worldwide 50th Percentile Male Stature and Reach............................................ 17
Figure 9: Simulated Antipersonnel Mine Blast with Hybrid III Surrogate............................................ 18
Figure 10: PPE 1............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 11: PPE 2............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 12: PPE 3............................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 13: PPE 4............................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 14: PPE 5............................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 15: Simulated Mines.............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 16: PMN Mine..................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 17: Peak Pressure and Impulse from Reference Pressure Gauge............................................. 27
Figure 18: Hybrid III Dummy........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 19: Positioning Fixture Drawing............................................................................................. 29
Figure 20: Barricade 3 Test Site Plan View...................................................................................... 30
Figure 21: Kneeling Dummy with Positioning and Measuring Fixtures................................................ 32
Figure 22: Prone Dummy with Positioning and Measuring Fixtures (Note: Positioning Fixture Not
Used for the Prone Position)............................................................................................................ 32
Figure 23: Nominal Kneeling and Prone Positions Relative to the Center of the Mine - Radial Lines
at 300 and 600................................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 24: Skin Simulant with Embedded Thermocouple................................................................... 34
Figure 25: Variation of HIC (1650 Hz) with Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies in the
Kneeling Position (Average Values for Repeated Testing)................................................................. 38
Figure 26: Variation of HIC (10,000 Hz) with Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies in
the Kneeling Position (Average Values for Repeated Testing)........................................................... 38
Figure 27: Variation of HIC Duration for Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies in the
Kneeling and Prone Positions (Average Values for Repeated Testing)............................................... 39
Figure 28: HIC Values for Mine Blast into Kneeling Dummy, All Charge Sizes, All PPEs.................. 40
Figure 29: Helmet and Visor Characteristics..................................................................................... 41
Figure 30: HIC Values for Mine Blast into Prone Dummy,................................................................ 42
Figure 31: Variation of HIC with Helmet Frontal Area/Helmet Mass................................................. 43
Figure 32: Nij Criteria for the 50th Percentile Male Dummy [Eppinger, 2000]................................... 44
Figure 33: Effect of Dummy for Matched Tests of an Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummy
In Both Primary Test Positions And At Three Charge Masses.......................................................... 45
Figure 34: Effect of Dummy Position Relative to the Blast Cone (Kneeling Position, 100-g Charge)... 46
Figure 35: Effect of Dummy Position Relative to the Blast Cone (Prone Position, 200-g Charge)....... 46
Figure 36: Effect of PPE on neck injury for dummy in the kneeling position........................................ 48
Figure 37: Effects of PPE on neck injury for dummy in the prone position.......................................... 48
Figure 38: Peak Chest Compression for the Unprotected and Protected........................................... 49
Figure 39: Peak Chest Compression for the Unprotected and Protected........................................... 50
Figure 40: Variation of Chest Maximum VC with Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies
in the Kneeling and Prone Positions (Average Values for Repeated Testing)...................................... 51
Figure 41: Variation of Viscous Criterion with Unprotected Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies in the
Kneeling and Prone Positions (Average Values for Repeated Testing)............................................... 51
Figure 42: Peak Thorax Pressure for Kneeling Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies.............................. 53
Figure 43: Peak Ear Pressure for Kneeling Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies.................................... 54
Figure 44: Peak Ear Pressure for Prone Hybrid III 50th % Male Dummies........................................ 54
Figure 45: Induced Temperature Change From Blast on Dummy Hand............................................. 56
Figure 46: Induced Temperature Change From Blast on Dummy Chin.............................................. 56
Figure 47: Lumbar Spine Wedge for Prone Position......................................................................... 64
Figure 48: Photograph of Lumbar Spine Wedge............................................................................... 64
Figure 49: Photograph of Unmodified (Left) and Modified (Right) Dummy Neck Bracket................. 65